AZHAGAPPAPURAM POORVIKA

ARUL AZHAGAPPAPURAM

POORVIKA AZHAGAPPAPURAM

azhagappapuram

HEAT EXCHANGER

HEAT EXCHANGER

 

CONVENTIONAL TUBULER HEAT EXCHANGER CONT”d

Some OF the more common tybular heat exchanger are

1. U tube heat exchanger

2. Floating head heat exchanger pull through type

3. Floating head heat exchanger lantern head type

4. Floating head heat exchanger split backing ring type

5. Kettle type reboiller



Why do we use heat exchanger?

To exchange heat between two fluids



Type of heat transfer equipment

Cooler cools using water or air without phase change

Chiller refrigerates below that obtainable with water

Condenser condenses vapour/ vapour mixture

Steam heater uses seam from team for heating

Steam generator produces steam from water

Reboiler uses steam /hot fluid to heat,for distillation column



Types of shell and tupe heat exchanger



1.floating head exchanger

Permits free expansion/contraction

Eacy to clean

2.fixed tubesheet exchanger

If shell side fouling , notsuitable

Cheapest and most economical

3. u tube exchanger

Tube expansion independent of other tubes

Tubes difficult to clean internally

4.reboiler/kettle type exchanger

Can handle large fluctuating loads



HEATCXCHANGER FAILURES

WHAT IS FAILURE?

FAILURE TO DELIVER THE FUNCTION WITCH IT IS INTENDED TO PERFOM



WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGER?

1. CORROSION

2. MECHNICAL

3. PROCESS RELATED



CORROSION



UNIFORM ATTACK

UNIFORM THINNING

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

SUSCEPTIBLE MATERIAL AND CORRODING ENVIRONMENT

PITTING

LOCALISED ATTACK IN THE FORM OF PITS

UNDER DEPOSIT CORROSION { E.G . LOW VELOCITY AREAS}

MECHANICAL

VIBRATION

TUBE TO TUBESHEET JOINT LEAK

BAFFILE HOLE GROOVING INTO TUBE EXTERNAL SURFACE

LOOSENING OF GASKET BOLTHING

WEAR DUE COLLISION OF TUBE TO TUBE

VELOCITY

EROSION OF TUBES AT ENTRY SIDE , INTERNALLY {TUBE SIDE}

EROSION OF TUBES ON OUTSIDE SURFACE {SHELL SIDE}

EROSION OF INLET/OUTLET NOZZLES

EROSION AT BAFFLE HOLE TO TUBE INTERFACE



FAILURES……

TUBE LEAK

TUBE TO TUBESHEET JOINT LEAK

GASKET LEAK{SHELL\TS OR TS\CHANNEL OR FLOATING HEAD}

CORRODED THINNED DOWN SHELL\SHELL\TUBESHEET}

REPAIRS CARRIED OUT VIDE………

. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES {PLUGGING\WELDING\ EXPANSION}

. REPLACEMENT WITH EXISTING METALLURGY WITH…..

. PROPOSE CHANGE IN OPRATING CONDITIONS

. DESIGN CHANG

. ACCEPT DEGRADATION RATE {BASED ON ECONOMY}

. UPGRADATION IN METALLURGY

GASKET LEAK

DAMAGED GASKET

PROPER GASKET WITH STANDARD INSTALLATION AND TIGHTENING PROCEDURES

DAMAGED GASKET SEATING FACES

RESTORE THE GASKET SEATING FACES WITH WELD-OVERLAY FOLLOWED BY RESTORING REQUISITE SURFACE ROUGHNESS

TUBE LEAK

.CUTTING OF LEAKY TUBE FOR INVESTIGATION

. PLUGGING THE LEAKY TUBES

.COMMON TAPER-PLUGS USED

. J-PLUG WELDED

TUBE TO TUBESHEET JOINT LEAK

ROLL EXPANDED

.RE-ROLLING, IF EXPANSION LIMITS NOT EXCEEDED

. DRILLING OUT OLD TUBE ,REINSERTING NEW TUBE AND EXPANSION

.IF GROOVE DAMAGED, PLUG THE TUBE

SEAL-WELDED

.GRIND UPTO ROOT

. RE-WELD USING SUITABLE FILLER WIRE

. ROLL EXPAND, LEAVING 10mm FROM FRONT TUBESHEET

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

SHELLL\CHANNEL\SHELL COVER

CS, ALLOY STEEL, CORROSION RESISTANT CLAD STEEL

TUBES

CS, ALLOY STEEL, SS, NON FERROUS

BAFFLES

CS GENERALLY

TUBESHEETS

CS, ALLOY STEEL CORROSION RESISTANT CLAD STEEL, CUPRONICKEL, SS

101 KEY BOARD SHORTCUTS

101 KEY BOARD SHORTCUTS

CTRL+C (Copy)

CTRL+X (Cut)

CTRL+V (Paste)

CTRL+Z (Undo)

DELETE (Delete)

SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)

CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)

CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)

F2 key (Rename the selected item)

CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)

CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)

CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)

CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)

CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)

SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)

CTRL+A (Select all)

F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)

ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)

ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)

ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)

CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)

ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)

ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)

F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)

F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)

CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)

ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)

Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)

F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)

RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)

LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)

F5 key (Update the active window)

BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

ESC (Cancel the current task)

SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)

CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)

TAB (Move forward through the options)

SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)

ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)

ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)

SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)

Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)

F1 key (Display Help)

F4 key (Display the items in the active list)

BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

m*cro$oft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)

Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)

Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)

Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)

Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)

Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)

Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)

CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)

Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)

Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)

Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)

Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)

SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)

NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)

Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

END (Display the bottom of the active window)

HOME (Display the top of the active window)

NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)

LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)

RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

Shortcut Keys for Character Map

After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:

RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)

LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)

UP ARROW (Move up one row)

DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)

PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)

PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)

HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)

END (Move to the end of the line)

CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)

CTRL+END (Move to the last character)

SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

m*cro$oft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+O (Open a saved console)

CTRL+N (Open a new console)

CTRL+S (Save the open console)

CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)

CTRL+W (Open a new window)

F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)

ALT+F4 (Close the console)

ALT+A (Display the Action menu)

ALT+V (Display the View menu)

ALT+F (Display the File menu)

ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)

MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)

ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)

SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)

F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)

F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)

CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)

CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)

ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)

F2 key (Rename the selected item)

CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

CTRL+ALT+END (Open the m*cro$oft Windows NT Security dialog box)

ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)

ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)

ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)

ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)

CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)

ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)

CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

m*cro$oft Internet Explorer Navigation

CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)

CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)

CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)

CTRL+H (Open the History bar)

CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)

CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)

CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)

CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)

CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)

CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)

CTRL+W (Close the current window)

125 DOS COMMANDS 4 U

125 DOS Commands 4 U

1 ANSI.SYS -- Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.

2 APPEND -- Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.

3 ARP -- Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices

4 ASSIGN -- Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter

5 ASSOC -- View the file associations

6 AT -- Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.

7 ATMADM -- Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.

8 ATTRIB -- Display and change file attributes.

9 BATCH -- NRecovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.

10 BOOTCFG -- Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini

11 BREAK -- Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.

12 CACLS -- View and modify file ACL's.

13 CALL -- Calls a batch file from another batch file.

14 CD -- Changes directories.

                                                                                                           

15 CHCP -- Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.

16 CHDIR -- Changes directories.

17 CHKDSK -- Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.

18 CHKNTFS -- Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.

19 CHOICE -- Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.

20 CLS -- Clears the screen.

21 CMD -- Opens the command interpreter.

22 COLOR -- Easily change the foreground and background color of the

MS-DOS window.

23 COMP -- Compares files.

24 COMPACT -- Compresses and uncompress files.

25 CONTROL -- Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.

26 CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.

27 COPY -- Copy one or more files to an alternate location.

28 CTTY -- Change the computers input/output devices.

29 DATE -- View or change the systems date.

30 DEBUG -- Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.

31 DEFRAG -- Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.

32 DEL -- Deletes one or more files.

33 DELETE -- Recovery console command that deletes a file.

34 DELTREE -- Deletes one or more files and/or directories.

35 DIR -- List the contents of one or more directory.

36 DISABLE -- Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.

37 DISKCOMP -- Compare a disk with another disk.

38 DISKCOPY -- Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.

39 DOSKEY -- Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.

40 DOSSHELL -- A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.

41 DRIVPARM -- Enables overwrite of original device drivers.

42 ECHO -- Displays messages and enables and disables echo.

43 EDIT -- View and edit files.

44 EDLIN -- View and edit files.

45 EMM386 -- Load extended Memory Manager.

46 ENABLE -- Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.

47 ENDLOCAL -- Stops the localization of the environment changes

enabled by the setlocal command.

48 ERASE -- Erase files from computer.

49 EXPAND -- Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format.

50 EXIT -- Exit from the command interpreter.

51 EXTRACT -- Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets.

52 FASTHELP -- Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them

53 FC -- Compare files.

54 FDISK -- Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.

55 FIND -- Search for text within a file.

56 FINDSTR -- Searches for a string of text within a file.

57 FIXBOOT -- Writes a new boot sector.

59 FIXMBR -- Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.

60 FOR -- Boolean used in batch files.

61 FORMAT -- Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.

62 FTP -- Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.

63 FTYPE -- Displays or modifies file types used in file extension

associations.

64 GOTO -- Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.

65 GRAFTABL -- Show extended characters in graphics mode.

66 HELP -- Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.

67 IF -- Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.

68 IFSHLP.SYS -- 32-bit file manager.

69 IPCONFIG -- Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.

70 KEYB -- Change layout of keyboard.

71 LABEL -- Change the label of a disk drive.

72 LH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.

73 LISTSVC -- Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.

74 LOADFIX -- Load a program above the first 64k.

75 LOADHIGH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.

76 LOCK -- Lock the hard disk drive.

77 LOGON -- Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.

78 MAP -- Displays the device name of a drive.

79 MD -- Command to create a new directory.

80 MEM -- Display memory on system.

81 MKDIR -- Command to create a new directory.

82 MODE -- Modify the port or display settings.

83 MORE -- Display one page at a time.

84 MOVE -- Move one or more files from one directory to another DIRECTORY

85 MSAV -- Early Microsoft Virus scanner.

86 MSD -- Diagnostics utility.

87 MSCDEX -- Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.

88 NBTSTAT -- Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT

89 NET -- Update, fix, or view the network or network settings

90 NETSH -- Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.

91 NETSTAT -- Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.

92 NLSFUNC -- Load country specific information.

93 NSLOOKUP -- Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.

94 PATH -- View and modify the computers path location

95 PATHPING -- View and locate locations of network latency

96 PAUSE -- command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.

97 PING -- Test / send information to another network computer or network device .

98 POPD -- Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.

99 POWER -- Conserve power with computer portables.

100 PRINT -- Prints data to a printer port.

101 PROMPT -- View and change the MS-DOS prompt.

102 PUSHD -- Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.

103 QBASIC -- Open the QBasic.

104 RD -- Removes an empty directory.

105 REN -- Renames a file or directory.

106 RENAME -- Renames a file or directory.

107 RMDIR -- Removes an empty directory.

108 ROUTE -- View and configure windows network route tables.

109 RUNAS -- Enables a user to execute a program on another

computer.

110 SCANDISK -- Run the scandisk utility.

111 SCANREG -- Scan registry and recover registry from errors.

112 SET -- Change one variable or string to another.

113 SETLOCAL -- Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.

114 SHARE -- Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.

115 SETVER -- Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.

116 SHIFT -- Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.

117 SHUTDOWN -- Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.

118 SMARTDRV -- Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.

119 SORT -- Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.

120 START -- Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.

121 SUBST -- Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.

122 SWITCHES -- Remove add functions from MS-DOS.

123 SYS -- Transfer system files to disk drive.

124 TELNET -- Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.

125 TIME -- View or modify the system time.

Laptop Drivers

விண்டோஸ் சிடி கீ சிடிக்குள்ளே இருக்கிறது

விண்டோஸ் சிடி கீ சிடிக்குள்ளே இருக்கிறது
உங்களிடம் விண்டோஸ் எக்ஸ்பி சிடி ஒரிஜினல் இருக்கிறது அதனுடைய ப்ரோடக்ட்  ( சிடி)  கீ தொலைந்துவிட்டதா கவலை வேண்டாம்.  அதை மீட்டெடுக்க எளிய வழி உள்ளது.   அந்த விண்டோஸ் சிடியை வேறொரு சிஸ்டத்தின் சிடி ட்ரைவில் போடுங்கள்.  பிறகு மை கம்ப்யூட்டர் சென்று அங்கு அந்த சிடியை எக்ஸ்ப்ளோரர் வழியாக திறக்கவும்.  பிறகு அதற்குள் i386  போல்டரினுள் சென்று  Unattend.txt என்ற கோப்பினை திறக்கவும் பிறகு அந்த கோப்பின் கீழே கடைசியாக செல்லுங்கள் அங்கு அந்த சிடிக்கான கீ இருக்கும் குறித்துக் கொண்டு உபயோகப்படுத்துங்கள்

உங்கள் ஆண்டி வைரஸ் சரிவர இயங்குகிறதா

 உங்கள் ஆண்டி வைரஸ் சரிவர இயங்குகிறதா என்று தெரிந்து கொள்வது இதோ ஒரு எளிய வழி கீழுள்ள வழிமுறைகளின் படி இயங்கினால் போதும்.

முதலில் நோட்பேடை திறந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

பிறகு கீழுள்ள சிகப்பு வண்ணமிட்ட வரியை  காப்பி செய்து கொள்ளுங்கள்

X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*

பிறகு "checkantivirus.com"  என்று பெயர் சூட்டி சேமித்துக் கொள்ளுங்கள்

இ-மெயிலில் அதிக எம்.பி. அளவுள்ள ஃபைல்களை அனுப்ப

இ-மெயிலில் அதிக எம்.பி. அளவுள்ள ஃபைல்களை அனுப்ப





இ-மெயிலில் ஃபைல்களை இணைத்து அனுப்ப அதிகபட்சமாக 20 எம்.பி தான்
அனுப்ப முடியும். ஆனால் இந்த சாப்ட்வேரில் அதிக பட்சமாக 100 எம்.பி வரை
எளிதாக அனுப்பிவைக்கலாம்.இந்த இ-மெயிலில் இலவச மாக மாதம் 500 எம்.பி
வரை பைல்களை அனுப்பி வைக்கலாம்.

பதினைந்து நாள் டிரையல் விஷனில் 3ஜி.பி. வரை பைல்களை அனுப்பலாம்.

ஒரு இ-மெயில் கணக்கில் மாதம் 500 எம்.பி.வரைதான் அனுப்ப முடியும்

என்பதால் உங்கள் தேவைக்கு ஏற்ப இரண்டு மூன்று இ-மெயில் கணக்கை

துவங்கி பைல்களை அனுப்பிவைக்கலாம்


முகவரி தளம்:-http://www.sendalong.com/index.html



இ-மெயில் அனுப்பி பாருங்கள். உங்கள் கருத்துக்களை சொல்லுங்கள்.

PREMIUM MEMBER களை போல், நீங்களும் இடைவெளி விடாமல் தொடர்ந்து பதிவிறக்க

PREMIUM MEMBER களை போல், நீங்களும் இடைவெளி விடாமல் தொடர்ந்து பதிவிறக்க
சில வேளைகளில் நாம் தேடும் கோப்புகள் ஆகிய Megaupload, Rapidshare, Hotfile, Depositfiles, Netload போன்ற பதிவிறக்க தளங்களில் கட்டண கணக்கு இல்லாதோர், பாதுகாப்பு எழுத்துக்களை பதிந்து விட்டும் 45Sec கள் முதல் 60Sec கள் வரை காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும். அதை நிவர்த்தி செய்யும் வழிமுறையை இந்த பதிவினுடாக பார்ப்போம்.
NO Server Name Download LINK
01 MEGAUPLOAD http://www.hlusoe.info/megaupload

http://megaupload.updatebooks.com/index.php


02 RAPIDSHARE http://www.hlusoe.info/rapidshare

http://linebay.com/

http://rapidshare.updatebooks.com/


03 HOTFILE http://hotfile.updatebooks.com/

http://s3.linebay.com/hotfile2/

http://www.hlusoe.info/hotfile


04 DEPOSITFILES http://s1.linebay.com/depositfiles/

http://depositfiles.updatebooks.com/

http://s1.linebay.com/depositfiles3/


05 NETLOAD http://s1.linebay.com/netload/


06 UPLOADING http://www.hlusoe.info/uploading

http://uploading.updatebooks.com/index.php

டோஸ் COMMANDS

DOS COMMANDS {Disk operating system}


Dir
This command is used to view the sup directory the folders
Syntax
C:dir{folder wing} c:dir /ah
Md
Making directory
Syntax
C:md
Cd
Change directory
Syntax
C:cd{dir name}
Copy con
To create new text document
Syntax
C:copy con
Example
C: copy con aa
Welcome to csc
Press ctrl +z to save
Type
To view the content of text file
Syntax
C:type
C:type aa
Edit
To edit the text file
Syntax
C: edit
C:edit aa
Copy
To copy a file (or) folder to anther location
Syntax
C:copy(source file) destination file
Ren
To rename a file or folder
Syntax
C:renExample
Ren stud staff
Del
To delete a file
Syntax
C:del
Example
C:del raja

Rd
Remove a directory
Syntax
C:rd csc
Date
To view &set the date
Time
To view & set the time
Format
This command is used to format a particul drive in FAT
Tree
This command is used to view the content of a directory graphically in a branch form
F disk
Its use to create delete& active a partition in the hard disk
Chk dsk (cheak disk)
Its use to cheak the particular drive for any error in particular drive
Cls
Clears the screen
Attrib
Change or vive the attributes of one or more files
It defaults to displaying the attributes of all files in the current directry
Attributes include
R reed only/a-archive
S system/ h hidden
Defrag
Defragments disk drive
Convert
To convert FAT to NTFS
C:convert c:/fs:ntfs




Msconfig
Start up (dispel and enable)